Canada is a constitutional monarchy. The queen is Queen Elizabeth II of England. Anyone who becomes a Canadian citizen must swear allegiance to the Queen of England. Politically, the Queen has nothing to do with the internal politics of Canada and has a position of honor, just as in England and other countries that remain a virtual monarchy. The Queen has a representative in Canada called the Governor General of Canada who is currently Michaelle Jean. Again it is an honorific position and has nothing to do with politics. Each province and territory also has a Lieutenant Governor which represents the Queen in that territory / province.
Canada is geographically composed of ten provinces and three territories. You can see the extent of each province and territory in the following photo:
Each province and territory has its own independent government with its prime minister and its different departments. The whole is governed by the federal government, based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada's capital, which also has its prime minister and its different departments. The way the Prime minister of each province is elected is very special. Indeed, he is not elected directly but it is the party with the most elected representatives who will take the government in hand and his leader will be the prime minister. As a resident citizen of Canada, you elect your local representative for the Government of Canada and the government of your province / territory. Generally each political party has Federal and provincial representatives in each community, and it is the party that has the most representatives elected that will take the government in charge. The main parties in Canada are:
* The Conservative party:more of the extreme right
* The Liberal Party of Canada: right wing
* The NDP: New Democratic Party: the center.
The federal government has historically been in the hands of the Liberal or Conservative parties. Currently, the Conservative government is in power and the Prime Minister is Stephen Harper.
With regard to other provinces, you can view politics details on each of them. They have a pretty strong political independence. Their independence is both political and economic in education, health ...